Petechiae, which are tiny reddish-purple spots – Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

Causes:

• Trauma/Injury: Minor trauma or excessive coughing/vomiting can cause petechiae, especially on the face or neck.
• Infections:
  • Meningitis: An infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
  • Septicemia: A bloodstream infection.
  • Infectious Mononucleosis: A viral infection.
  • Endocarditis: An infection of the heart valves.
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: A group of viral illnesses.
• Platelet Disorders:
  • Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count.
  • Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): An autoimmune disorder that affects platelets.
• Medications: Some medications, such as anticoagulants or certain antibiotics, can cause petechiae.
• Vasculitis: Inflammation of blood vessels.
• Vitamin K Deficiency: Can affect blood clotting.

Diagnosis:

• Physical Exam: Careful examination of the petechiae, noting their location, distribution, and appearance.
• Patient History: Gathering information about the onset, duration, any other symptoms, and relevant medical history, including recent illnesses, injuries, and medications.
• Blood Tests: A complete blood count (CBC) to check platelet levels and other blood components. Other blood tests may be done depending on the suspected cause.
• Bleeding Tests: To assess how well the blood is clotting.

Treatment:

• Trauma/Injury: Petechiae caused by minor trauma usually resolve on their own without treatment.
• Infections: Treatment with antibiotics, antiviral medications, or other appropriate therapies depending on the specific infection.
• Platelet Disorders: Treatment will depend on the specific platelet disorder and may include medications to increase platelet count, corticosteroids, or other therapies.
• Medications: If medication is causing the petechiae, the doctor may adjust the medication or recommend an alternative.
• Vasculitis: Treatment will depend on the specific type of vasculitis and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressant medications.
• Vitamin K Deficiency: Vitamin K supplementation.

Important Considerations:

• Seek immediate medical attention if petechiae are accompanied by other symptoms like fever, fatigue, bleeding from other sites (nose, gums), joint pain, or changes in mental status. These could be signs of a serious underlying condition.
• Consult a healthcare professional for any unexplained petechiae, even if you don’t have other symptoms. Proper diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Do not delay seeking medical advice.