Nipple Discharge – Causes Diagnosis & Treatment

Nipple discharge is any fluid that leaks from the nipples of the breasts. It can be milky, clear, yellow, green, or brown. Nipple discharge can be normal or abnormal. Normal nipple discharge can occur during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and in response to sexual arousal. It can also be caused by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.

Abnormal Nipple Discharge

Abnormal nipple discharge is any discharge that occurs outside of these normal circumstances. It can be caused by a variety of conditions, including:

• Breast cancer: Nipple discharge is a symptom of breast cancer in about 10% of cases. It is more likely to be caused by cancer if the discharge is bloody, unilateral (from one breast only), or spontaneous (not caused by breast stimulation).
• Intraductal papilloma: A noncancerous tumor that forms in a milk duct.
• Fibrocystic breast disease: A common condition that causes the breasts to feel lumpy and tender.
• Mammary duct ectasia: A condition in which the milk ducts become wider and inflamed.
• Periductal mastitis: Inflammation of the tissue around the milk ducts.
• Galactorrhea: A condition that causes milky discharge from the nipples in women who are not pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Medication side effects: Some medications, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and certain birth control pills, can cause nipple discharge as a side effect.
• Pituitary gland tumor: A tumor of the pituitary gland can cause nipple discharge by increasing levels of the hormone prolactin.
• Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid gland can also cause nipple discharge by increasing prolactin levels.
• Other medical conditions: Other medical conditions that can cause nipple discharge include kidney disease, liver disease, and chronic stress.

Diagnosis of Nipple Discharge

If you have nipple discharge, it is important to see a doctor to determine the underlying cause. The doctor will likely perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history and lifestyle. They may also order tests such as a mammogram, ultrasound, or needle biopsy.

Treatment of Nipple Discharge

Treatment for nipple discharge will vary depending on the underlying cause. For example, if the discharge is caused by a tumor, surgery may be necessary. If the discharge is caused by a medication side effect, the doctor may recommend switching to a different medication. In some cases, no treatment is necessary.

When to see a doctor

You should see a doctor if you have any of the following types of nipple discharge:

• Bloody discharge
• Discharge from one breast only
• Discharge that is spontaneous (not caused by breast stimulation)
• Thick, sticky, or greenish discharge
• Discharge that is accompanied by other symptoms such as breast pain, a lump in the breast, or a change in the size or shape of the breast

Prevention of Nipple Discharge

There is no way to completely prevent nipple discharge. However, there are some things you can do to reduce your risk of developing certain conditions that can cause nipple discharge, such as:

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Eat a healthy diet
• Exercise regularly
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
• Get regular breast exams and mammograms