Enlarged Thyroid Gland (Goiter): Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

Enlarged Thyroid Gland (Goiter): Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

At Emirates Hospital, we provide expert care for thyroid-related conditions, including an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter). A goiter may be a sign of an underlying thyroid disorder, such as iodine deficiency, hormonal imbalances, or autoimmune conditions. While some goiters are harmless, others may cause discomfort, difficulty swallowing, or breathing issues, requiring medical attention.

Causes of Enlarged Thyroid Gland

A goiter can develop due to various factors affecting thyroid function. Identifying the underlying cause is essential for proper treatment.

• Iodine Deficiency: The thyroid requires iodine to produce hormones, and a lack of iodine can lead to thyroid enlargement.
• Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid): Conditions like Graves’ disease cause excess hormone production, leading to swelling.
• Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Disorders like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can cause the gland to enlarge as it tries to compensate for reduced hormone levels.
• Thyroid Nodules & Cysts: Growths within the thyroid gland can cause localized or general swelling.
• Thyroid Cancer: Though rare, an enlarged thyroid can sometimes indicate thyroid malignancy.
• Pregnancy & Hormonal Changes: Increased hormonal demands during pregnancy may lead to temporary thyroid enlargement.

Diagnosis of Enlarged Thyroid Gland

A detailed medical evaluation helps determine the cause and severity of a goiter.

• Physical Examination: Checks for thyroid swelling and tenderness.
• Blood Tests: Measures thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4) and antibodies to assess thyroid function.
• Ultrasound & Imaging Tests: Evaluates thyroid size, nodules, and structural abnormalities.
• Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy: Performed if cancer is suspected.

Treatment Options of Enlarged Thyroid Gland

Treatment depends on the underlying cause, severity, and symptoms of the goiter.

• Medication and hormone therapy regulate thyroid function and hormone levels, preventing further enlargement.
• Iodine supplementation and dietary adjustments help correct iodine deficiency and restore thyroid balance.
• Minimally invasive or surgical procedures may be required for large goiters, nodules, or suspected malignancies affecting breathing or swallowing.

Related Treatments

• Thyroid Nodules