Ascites – Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment at Emirates Hospitals Group
Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen, specifically within the peritoneal cavity. It’s often a sign of an underlying medical condition and can cause abdominal swelling, weight gain, shortness of breath, and a feeling of fullness. In severe cases, it can lead to discomfort, difficulty moving, and even organ dysfunction.
The most common cause of ascites is liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. Other causes include heart failure, kidney disease, infections (like tuberculosis), pancreatitis, and certain cancers. These conditions can disrupt the body’s fluid balance, leading to fluid leaking out of blood vessels and accumulating in the abdomen.
Diagnosing ascites involves a physical examination, where a doctor may note abdominal distension and perform tests like “shifting dullness” to detect fluid. Imaging studies, such as an ultrasound or CT scan of the abdomen, are crucial for confirming the diagnosis and identifying the underlying cause. A diagnostic paracentesis, where a needle is inserted into the abdomen to remove a small amount of fluid for analysis, is often performed. This fluid is then tested for protein levels, cell counts, and other factors to help determine the cause of the ascites.
Treatment for ascites focuses on addressing the underlying condition. For ascites due to liver disease, this might involve managing the liver disease itself, sodium restriction in the diet, and diuretics (medications that increase urine output) to help remove excess fluid. In some cases, a therapeutic paracentesis may be necessary to remove large volumes of fluid to relieve symptoms. For ascites caused by other conditions, treatment will be tailored to the specific cause. For example, heart failure-related ascites may involve medications to improve heart function. In rare cases, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure, which creates a connection between veins in the liver, might be considered to reduce fluid buildup. Managing ascites requires close collaboration with a healthcare provider to develop an appropriate and effective treatment plan.
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